Fill in the blanks with appropriate non-finite verbs.

Non-finite verbs are of three types – to infinitives, ing forms and past participles.

Emission trading is an attempt ………………………. (control) pollution by …………………………. (offer) economic incentives to those who pollute less. Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations that emit less than their quota of greenhouse gases will be able ………………………… (sell) emissions credits to polluting nations. In emission trading, a central authority (usually a government agency) sets up a cap on the amount of pollutants that can be emitted. This allowance is called a credit. When the pollutant emitted is carbon dioxide it is called carbon credit. If a company has ……………………….. (exceed) the cap set for it, it has ……………………… (buy) the extra allowance from those who pollute less. Such transfers of carbon credits are called carbon trading. In effect, the buyer is ……………………… (be) fined for polluting, while the seller is being …………………. (reward) for having ……………………… (reduce) emissions.

Answers

Emission trading is an attempt to control pollution by offering economic incentives to those who pollute less. Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations that emit less than their quota of greenhouse gases will be able to sell emissions credits to polluting nations. In emission trading, a central authority (usually a government agency) sets up a cap on the amount of pollutants that can be emitted. This allowance is called a credit. When the pollutant emitted is carbon dioxide it is called carbon credit. If a company has to exceed the cap set for it, it has to buy the extra allowance from those who pollute less. Such transfers of carbon credits are called carbon trading. In effect, the buyer is being fined for polluting, while the seller is being rewarded for having reduced emissions.

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